The Role Of Chief Executive Officer Commerce Essay

The Role Of Chief Executive Officer Commerce Essay I have to make operational and strategic planning where I have to follow certain strategic framework. I have three important operations to perform those are functional improvement, functional excellence, and functional innovation these are the functional strategies of CEO. Strategy is important to be followed in the organization for the systematic and accurate achievement of the companys objective, so I will follow the following strategies. FUNCTIONAL IMPROVEMENT STRATEGY Delivers functional competence- in a solitarily practical area, the administration of the operations in process is attended by the CEO of the company who develops the operations through balancing the build-to-order in a make-to-stock milieu so that the requirements of the customers can be met on time decreasing the lead-time and prolonging the production. Customer service and (Brickley, J. A, 2003,pp.227-233) satisfaction and the prosperity of the business are essential to be balanced. It is very important for me to have operational improvement because VISION of my company is we want the process to be quick, hassle-free and cost-effective. We know youll be more impressed by an advertising campaign that gets your products flying out the door. Our success is based on our ability to design innovative campaigns (Engel, E., R. M, 2003,pp. 197-226) that help our clients stand out in a crowded marketplace. We also aim to keep in mind the fundamental values a company holds. This is the most important functional strategy because there is need to make improvement wherever the need is required in the areas of weakness of the company that is the most effective and efficient method of performance improvement for the company. FUNCTIONAL EXCELLENCE Delivers business competitiveness-in order to accomplish the best presentation, the interior (Engel, E., R. M,2003,pp. 197-226) procedures of the company are to be renovated with the brilliance in the operations. The best in rank is described by the outside information. The company decides the foundation of competition and then the crack between the competition and the actual performance is assessed and precedence is allocated. A harmonized course of modification, coordination and presentation development is required (Brickley, J. A, 2003,pp.227-233) to fill up the crack through many functions. In the operational approach, its brilliance and intensity is the core constituent. I have to have a consistent look on the excellence on the operation of the company, it is very challenging job for me because all board members will be involved in knowing the operational excellence achievement of the Brainz Inc. Functional excellence in what all methods can be achieved can be easily know through distinctive functions of the organization, that is again the biggest challenge for me because our focus is more on ignition of brands. FUNCTIONAL INNOVATION Delivers each and every new (Engel, E., R. M, 2003,pp. 197-226) company on a bare page creates a commanding, game-changing operational mode-an equipped representation. The company employs a differential model or the standard one. There are three causes for the new ventures to open. The effect of each cause is different on the creativity of operational models. Commodity technology product or commodity service basis: in this the Brainz Inc. is most likely to employ the standard operational model, since the cost the proposal of gain over cost is there (Sapienza, H. J, 1994,pp.1618-163) New technology: in this the excellence in the technology is the proposed assessment; therefore the Brainz Inc. will make sure that the employment of the prevailing standard operational model. Competitive operational model: in this the Brainz Inc. usually will undertake the newly created (Murphy, K. J, 1993,pp.273-315) innovative operational model on which the model is based on the profit attainability and achieving of Brainz Inc. objective, since the proposed value is the customer service as well as the cost advantage. On the other hand the already recognized Brainz Inc. Company will enjoy two choices-of immediate reaction. They can either continue with the already employed operational model or (Sapienza, H. J, 1994,pp.1618-163) if necessary they can create even better operating model to face the threat of new entrants in the market. From the above discussion it can be made clear that how does the operation of the work is important and how easily it can be achieved from the organization by the CEO. KEY PERFORMING INDICATORS (KPIs) Adnan Alsilami, I have been appointed as the CEO of Brainz Inc., whose mission statement is to Igniting brands (Murphy, K. J, 1993,pp.273-315) in ways that generate impact and excitement. I have to perform certain KEY PERFORMING INDICATORS (KPIs) roles to archive companys objective and goal. FINANCIAL: It is not for any surprise that I have to make a strong focus on the financial results, whereby insuring all KPIs are achieved effectively and efficiently, where I have to focus more on Net Incomes of the Brainz Inc. where few return on investment will be used. I have to make lots of emphasis on cash management and cost control that is the prime functioning of CEO. MARKETING: I have to make strong recommendations on marketing and PR targets (where brand awareness of our company, targets those are favored, stakeholders interest in the company needs to be developed). I will watch sales number; whenever there is a change in the revenue (Healy, P. M., 1987,pp. 7-34) it is important to have immediate warning in the organization in order to control risk factors. LEADERSHIP: It is important for me to enhance leadership skills and capabilities in the employees of organization so (Healy, P. M., 1987,pp. 7-34) that leadership related issues are solved the command I given to a immediate lower position of CEO, It is very important for me to spend my maximum time in solving these issues. Provide relevant and accurate information The entire discussion in board highly depends on the information provided by CEO. It is important to have (Bushman, R. M., 1996,pp. 161-193) quality and quantity information that has to be delivered to the board so that no relevant as well as accurate information is circulated. The biggest challenge for me will be to provide right information to Abhijit Barthakur (CIO), Jagdish Patil (CTO), Abdul Ahmed E Yakub (CNO), Nafiu Abdulrahman (CKO), Auwal Mohammad (COO) who are the board members of Brainz Inc Company. STRATEGIC PLANNING AND DECISION MAKING The operational along with strategic planning decisions that I will make are entirely based on the assumption; it is again a challenge for me because assumptions made from the past are not (Bushman, R. M., 1996,pp. 161-193) accurate as compared with the future happening. It is very easy to loose credibility with the board while making unrealistic decisions, its important to have focus on decisions. BUDGET AND COST DISTRIBUTION DECISIONS With the board members important and most essential characteristic of mine is to make decisions about the budget which means allocation of cost in different department where CKO, CFO, COO, CTO, CNO will actively participate while laying their strategic (Bushman, R. M., 1996,pp. 161-193) plans for achieving goals of the company as We plan to build strong brand profiles through innovative and ground breaking ideas. By creating buzz and affinity, we are going to infuse traits of innovation and energy into it PERFORMANCE ANALYSIS Once the plans are laid an implemented, the most important part is to make performance analysis (Murphy, K. J, 1993,pp.273-315) of every department of the Brainz Inc. So that wherever there is any inefficiency it can be solved and the departments those are maximizing the profits. Above mentioned are the KPIs of mine, which I need to take care so that goals and objectives are achieved. REFRENCES Brickley, J. A, Empirical research on CEO turnover and firm-performance: A discussion. Journal of Accounting and Economics (December), 2003,pp.227-233 Bushman, R. M., R. J. Indjejikian and A. Smith, CEO compensation: The role of individual performance evaluation. Journal of Accounting and Economics (April), 1996,pp. 161-193 Engel, E., R. M. Hayes and X. Wang, CEO turnover and properties of accounting information. Journal of Accounting and Economics (December), 2003,pp. 197-226 Healy, P. M., S. Kang and K. G. Palepu, The effect of accounting procedure changes on CEOs cash salary and bonus compensation. Journal of Accounting and Economics (April), 1987,pp. 7-34 Murphy, K. J. and J. L. Zimmerman, Financial performance surrounding CEO turnover. Journal of Accounting and Economics (January-July), 1993,pp.273-315 Sapienza, H. J. and A. K. Gupta, Impact of agency risks and task uncertainty on venture capitalist-CEO interaction. The Academy of Management Journal 37(6), 1994,pp.1618-163

Outline the Current Legislation and Organisational Requirements

Outline the current legislation and organisational requirements that governs(a) reporting, recording and confidentiality(b)health and safety(c)risk management(d)recording/reporting compliments and complaints(e) dealing with suspicions of disclosure of danger, harm and abuse. (ref. HSC22 q4. HSC21 q 4,5. Reporting, recording and confidentiality – The Data Protection Act 1998 relates to information held about an individual. This includes medical records or social services files – anything which is personal data (facts and opinions about an individual).All information, however it is stored, is subject to the rules laid down in the Act. Anyone processing personal data must comply with the eight principles of good practice. The Data must be: 1. Fairly and lawfully processed 2. Used for limited purposes 3. Not excessive but adequate and relevant 4. Not kept for longer than necessary 5. Accurate 6. Kept secure 7. processed taking into account the individuals rights 8. Not tran sferred to another country that cannot maintain the confidentiality of the information.Individuals are entitled to see information about themselves, but they cannot see any part of their record which relates to someone else. Individuals are entitled to be told if any personal information is held about them. Health and safety – The HSE (Health and Safety Executive) is the UK government body responsible for enforcing health and safety at work legislation. The HSE also plays a major role in producing advice on health and safety issues, and guidance on relevant legislation. The role of enforcement is split between HSE and local authorities depending on the business sector.In addition, HSE conducts research into the effectiveness of regulations and other health and safety issues, consults with employers and employees representatives, and advises legislators and government on health and safety. Health and Safety at Work Act 1974 Often referred to as HASAW or HSW, this Act of Parlia ment is the main piece of UK health and safety legislation. It places a duty on all employers â€Å"to ensure, so far as is reasonably practicable, the health, safety and welfare at work† of all their employees.Risk Management – This Risk Management Standard is the result of work by a team drawn from the major risk management organisations in the UK – The Institute of Risk Management (IRM),The Association of Insurance and Risk Managers (AIRMIC) and ALARM The National Forum for Risk Management in the Public Sector. In decision making, there's usually some degree of uncertainty, which inevitably leads to risk. By evaluating the risk involved with various options, you can determine whether the risk is manageable. Risk analysis helps you look at risks objectively.It uses a structured approach for assessing threats, and for evaluating the probability of events occurring – and what they might cost to manage. An organized and systematic decision-making process u sually leads to better decisions. Without a well-defined process, you risk making decisions that are based on insufficient information and analysis. Many variables affect the final impact of your decision. However, if you establish strong foundations for decision making, generate good alternatives, evaluate these alternatives rigorously, and then check your decision-making process, you will improve the quality of your decisions.Recording/reporting compliments and complaints – My aim is to listen to and act on the views and concerns of Individuals and to encourage discussion and action on issues raised before they develop into problems and formal complaints. My management welcome comments and suggestions from Individuals and their representatives, friends and relatives. Positive comments help to build on successes, but we can also learn from comments which are critical. It is best to look into all comments or complaints as quickly as possible and to provide a satisfactory resp onse.Dealing with suspicions of disclosure of danger, harm and abuse – Information about abuse I suspect, or situations I am working with which are ‘high risk’, must be recorded after being reported to my supervisor. My supervisor will be responsible for passing on the information, if necessary. Sometimes my information may need to be included in an individual’s plan of care or personal records, particularly if I have noticed a change in the way he or she is cared for, or if his/her behaviour could be an ‘early warning’ that the care team need to be especially observant.My workplace may have a special report form for recording causes for concern. If not, i should write my report, making sure I include the following: †¢What happened to make me concerned †¢Who I am concerned about †¢Whether this links to anything I have noticed previously †¢What needs to happen next I should discuss my report and my concerns with my superviso r and colleagues. I must report anything unusual that I notice, even if I think it is too small to be important. It is the small details which make the whole picture. Teamwork and good communication are vitally important.

The Anti-Vietnam War Movement Was A Testament For American Nationalism

The Allied Forces won the Second World War. Democracy was restored. Peace soon reigned worldwide. But the victory became short-lived. Another ideology surfaced. A former ally, the Soviet Union spearheaded the campaign of communism globally. â€Å"In 1946 President Harry Truman gave voice to the new geopolitical position of the United States by stating that America would, â€Å"assist all free peoples against threats of revolution and attack from without† (Wiest, 2003). The Soviet menace continued. Russian troops gradually gobbled most countries in Eastern Europe into submission.The United States government fortified its military capability. The Soviet nation did the same. And the Cold War began. Communism spread like fire. Although the main focus of the threat was in Europe, destabilization plots escalated among some nations in South East Asia. Prior to the Second World War, France dominated most of the continent. Its colonies included Laos, Cambodia and Vietnam. When Japan e ntered the war, the French government lost its hold and influence. When events settled down, France wanted to regain the lands it formerly occupied.With the Japanese threat out of the picture, French exerted its influence all over again. Vietnam, being a former colony, came on the French list first. The colonizers controlled the Third World country before the Second World War. They thought that it would be easy to put Vietnam back under their fold. It was a different story this time. THE ROAD TO WAR Vietnam surprised the French effort to subdue and control them. A charismatic leader named Ho Chi Minh led the revolution against the foreign conquerors. Given a small chance of winning their independence, the Vietnamese guerilla group retreated to the jungles to regroup.The firepower of the French troops proved to be too much against the ill-equipped and ill-trained forces of Ho Chi Minh. Refusing to engage the enemy head on, the Vietnamese looked forward to a long harassing war that wo uld soon exhaust and later discourage their foes to simply fold up. The confrontation escalated and surprised the foreign legion about the strong determination of a small band of resistance. Significant events began to unravel in 1949. Mao Che-tung challenged the rule of democracy in China. The North Koreans battled the South for supremacy over the peninsula.â€Å"President Dwight Eisenhower put the new position of the United States into words in his inaugural address in 1952 when he remarked that, â€Å"the French in Vietnam are fighting the same war we are in Korea† (Wiest, 2003). The United States felt the need to stretch its hands to prevent a communist takeover over the rest of the world. The uprising within the region inspired Ho Chi Minh and his followers. They fought back and inflicted serious casualties on the French side. Reeling from defeat after defeat, France loosened it hold on the colony. The situation divided Vietnam.The communist supporters rallied around th e North while the South directed its efforts to strengthen its grip on democracy. As communism gained momentum, Ho Chi Minh directed an attack against South Vietnam with the purpose of uniting the country once and for all. When France decided to give up its position in the war-torn nation, the United States Administration assumed the role of driving back the communist threat. â€Å"The United States first became directly involved in Vietnam in 1950 when President Harry Truman started to underwrite the costs of France's war against the Viet Minh† (http://www.cyberessays. com/History/168. htm). In the beginning, the communist leader of Vietnam never intended to draw the Americans into a bloody engagement. But the involvement of the U. S. simply left Vietnam with no choice but to defend itself. As American troops gradually increased its number in the South, the Vietcong from the North instituted yet again a guerilla tactic to tire out the enemy. The U. S. government reasoned out that the main reason why it participated in the Vietnam debacle was to stave off the ideological threat of communism.With the withdrawal of the French forces after a series of stinging defeats, America had no choice but to intervene for the sake of democracy. AMERICAN INTERVENTION The Vietnam War was another thorn on the America’s pathway. At around that period, the government dealt with the instability brought about by racism, bigotry and equality. Upholding the human rights became the battle cry among the citizens throughout the country. Despite all the internal problems hounding the nation, the U. S. government solidified its stand in checking the communist threat.America knew that if the new found ideology remained unchecked, the world would be in peril. With no other country willing to challenge the Soviet aggression, the U. S. found enough reason to assume the responsibility in protecting democracy. Nations with strong and direct links with the United States reluctantl y supported the drive against communism. However, their involvement came in a variety of ways. Many countries pledged their support in ways other than committing combat troops. America contended itself with the medical and engineering battalions from cooperative nations to back its cause in Vietnam.As the United States went deep in its mission to prevent a communist takeover in the South, the number of troops it brought to the worsening war increased. Public outcry blasted the American policy in handling the situation in Vietnam. . â€Å"Starting with teach-ins during the spring of 1965, the massive antiwar efforts centered on the colleges, with the students playing leading roles† (http://www. cyberessays. com/History/168. htm). PUBLIC SENTIMENT In the beginning, the public were inspired by democratic ideals to defend freedom in every part of the globe. Support came rushing all over the states.American sentiments, limited primarily inside the corners of the homes of its citiz ens, eventually spilled out in the streets. Rallies and demonstrations soon became a common sight on the newspapers and the television. The media did a good job in motivating a public outcry. U. S. involvement in Vietnam inspired a spirit of nationalism on two fronts. Setting aside its internal racial discourse, the Americans worked together in its bid to eliminate the communist ideology in Asia once and for all. However, things became uneventful and the U. S. took on a new meaning for the word nationalism.Never since the attack on Pearl Harbor did the United States found itself rallying around the flag in its involvement in Vietnam. The government fueled talks about America’s new role in shaping the events and situations around the world. It went on to say that the U. S. Armed Forces had a duty and responsibility to fulfill not merely to the American people but to the entire humanity in general. Being the most sophisticated and most advanced nation globally, America must loo k at the bigger picture. No country wanted to fill in the shoes of promoting and maintaining peace and progress on earth.Most regimes simply wanted to reinforce its hold on power than do anything of significance and value. Americans took pride in uplifting their potentials and ideals to a level of unmatched ability. People valued their freedom too much. Because of this, they willed to do anything against the rule of oppression. These individuals believed in enforcing order all throughout the society. Only through a nation under control would growth and development materialize. The United States always looked ahead of its time. The future remained to be a distant goal.The citizens were willing to risk anything to fulfill its vision of a free and united country. When the Vietnam War erupted, many critics downplayed its significance to the star-spangled nation. But its modern role to promote global stability was too big to ignore. The spread of communism risked freedom to be conquered. Due to this grave danger, America was compelled to fight an external conflict. The citizens understood this, at least primarily, and supported the move in disarming the communist threat. The American people believed in its supremacy.It believed that the entire nation could achieve whatever there was out there to achieve. The government promised the citizens that the country was fighting a war far larger than it was widely perceived. It could never be denied that a victory of a communist regime would be a big blow to democracy. Being the leading staunch supporter of democratic ideals, the United States must assert its claim in proclaiming the freedom that the nation stood for. Every direction that the country steered itself into reflected the united front instilled among the Americans.It would be unfair if communism remained nullified and misunderstood in its concept. The ideology believed in the equal distribution of wealth and resources in the community. This vision of equal parta ke of the pie would be a welcome development if only it could be applied. Communism was patterned from the Socialist manifesto coined by Karl Marx. There was a preconceived notion that a communist rule would be progressive. Since the government controlled everything, its citizens were poised to be given equal rights and equal chances to shine in the society.But the truth was that a nation thrived not because of government intervention. No matter how good the governance of a country was, it would be difficult to subdivide opportunities equally. The growth and development of people relied on hard work. Government intervention maybe vital but prosperity resided in the ability of the citizens to make things happen. Freedom had no substitute. Unless suppressed, individuals have that capability to realize their dreams. America believed so much in their dreams. Its freedom was the vital factor in their progress as a nation.The ability to move around and weigh their options was what kept th e nation going. The law of the state shattered down all boundaries and borders which inhibit democratic ideals to pull through. Democracy valued the individual no end. The citizen was considered instrumental in making the wheels the freedom rolling. Regulations were enacted around the individual to allow a free reign of ideas to materialize. The American public openly supported its fight against communism. But as the Vietnam War drag on, the people saw that the situation was getting out of hand.The number of body bags which were coming home had increased. Americans felt that resources were being wasted in a foreign situation without the end in sight. Numerous draftees left for Vietnam and few would eventually make it back home. ANTI-WAR MOVEMENT The American people supported their government’s involvement in Vietnam. They were motivated to help a nation contain the repression of freedom. But somewhere along the line, more and more young American soldiers were killed. Many gro ups and organizations felt the need to review the superpower nation’s objective in winning the war in Vietnam.But the government hardly came up with a good explanation. The situation had gone bad to worst. And the public was looking at a war gone awry. The U. S. Administration could not address the different problems involved in the situation. Much more, it cannot give direct answers to the questions and concerns of the citizens. Numerous and contrasting groups around the United States rallied and gathered together each with causes of their own. Anti-government movements surfaced with the National Committee for a Sane Nuclear Policy when nuclear programs proliferated at the start of the Cold War.But the most aggressive campaigns against government regulations began with the rise of the radical Student Peace Union in 1959 although it went out of contention five years later. A more active group, the Students for a Democratic Society (SDS) continued upholding the cause. The orga nization was meant to assist the laborers, the intellectuals and the oppressed people. SDS later was taken over by student radicals during the 1950s. Sensing the disorientation and listless significance of life among Americans, the group voiced out its concern against the government. It actively pursued in valuing human rights in the society.It supported Lyndon Johnson in its bid for the presidency against Barry Goldwater in 1964. Social reforms were the main concern of the SDS. As the Vietnam War escalated, more and more young people were drafted from the Southern part of the country. The government also pulled out numerous individuals out from schools for a tour of duty in Vietnam. Civil Rights rallies continued to flourish. The public saw the gradual increase of enlisted men in the U. S. Armed Forces which revealed that American involvement in South East Asia was getting serious. Casualties began to pile up and replacements were seriously considered.It was 1965. The anti-war move ment which initially was limited inside the campus gained wide recognition throughout the country. â€Å"The history of that movement is not only one of demonstrations, teach-ins, rallies and hundreds of other actions. It was also a history of internal debate over how and for what purpose to mobilize mass sentiment against the war† (Lorimer, 1991). When the bombing in North Vietnam began, demonstrations increased and anti-government activities moved on swiftly. Rallies and anti-war sorties gained prominence on every avenue of the United States.Faculty members joined the movement and immediately made an impact. A series of seminars were held to educate the public about the political, military and social effects of the Vietnam War. The march towards the capital city slowly gained numerous members. On April 1965, about 25, 000 people gathered in Washington D. C. to protest American involvement in Vietnam. Inspired by the turnout of events, campus editors formed a nationwide netw ork of media organizations that would circulate and educate various information and activities in connection with the anti-war movement.Pressure mounted on the Pentagon especially on Secretary of Defense Robert McNamara to end the war. The campaign gained more support from the religious community which sent out letters expressing their opinions and reactions about the turmoil in Vietnam. In 1966, the movement penetrated military branch and draft evasion became a major issue. Almost all sectors in the community had a hand one way or the other in keeping the youth out of the draft. Many individuals sought refuge in nearby countries such as Canada and Sweden to elude a trip to Vietnam.â€Å"In a January 1967 article written for the Chicago Defender, Martin Luther King, Jr. openly expressed support for the antiwar movement on moral grounds. Reverend King expanded on his views in April at the Riverside Church in New York, asserting that the war was draining much-needed resources from do mestic programs† (Barringer, 1999). His views were not limited to religious matters alone. He tackled the moral effects of the ongoing war. As the number of recruits from the South increased in number, King voiced out his concern about the plight of the African-Americans in the United States.He assailed the government’s action to prolong the war by risking a huge chunk of the taxpayers’ money. The Johnson administration began feeling the pressure internally. McNamara was fired shortly after questioning the real objectives of the conflict. George Ball the Secretary of State handed out unsolicited advice to the president. The Vietnam War was taking too long. Cabinet members and government officials reviewed the political stance of the country. It was 1968. Election was on its way. Presidential candidates capitalized on the confusion of the current administration. The U. S.government turned out to be divided in its opinion and decision about the Vietnam situation. W ith no end in sight for the Vietnam offensive, the Tet American public opinion revealed that majority of the population now opposed the conflict. The Johnson presidency continued drafting young citizens for a tour of duty in South East Asia. Its policies about the war remained unchanged. The situation infuriated the anti-war movement across the American nation. â€Å"The peace movement was often militant, and many on the campuses came to reject non-violence and fought heroically against the police† (http://www. chss.montclair. edu/english/furr/Vietnam/riseandfall. html). Student activists clashed with police. The once peaceful rallies turned violent and blood spilled over. Protesters bloodied the streets and stormed the draft centers in different cities throughout the United States. President’s Johnson’s advisers reversed the administration’s position on the Vietnamese issue and the presidency bowed out of contention. Anti-war dissidents grew bolder in it s actions. Fights soon erupted during public demonstrations. Protests continued and an estimated 500,000 people participated on the citizen’s second march to Washington.Active members rose from the ranks and went to the frontlines to lead the movement. However, the new frontrunners in the anti-war campaign gained little recognition from the American society. It was an age of expression. Majority of the general public declined its support due to the unacceptable and disturbing behavior of the protesters. The anti-war movement introduced a lifestyle which bannered the Sex, Drugs and Rock n’ roll theme. The situation turned complicated because of behavioral concerns. The protesters disrespected soldiers returning from Vietnam. American support for the movement faded a bit.Just when things subsided, an immediate turn of events angered the entire nation. Richard Nixon the newly-elected president planned the withdrawal of troops in 1970. But the war suddenly went ugly with a few shocking events. There was a public discomfort when news reported the involvement of American troops in the My Lai massacre. In addition, the United States entered a new trail in its bloody campaign when it invaded Vietnam’s neighboring country Cambodia. American sentiment across the nation was high. Academic institutions, Union groups and even some government agencies like the State department called for an end to hostilities.Violence went full gear when the National Guardsmen in Ohio killed a number of protesters at Kent State University. The public outcry was further driven out of proportion when true stories and coverage about American troop activities were revealed in the New York Times. Incompetence, disorganization, neglect, cruelty and abuses were directly associated with the behavior of the American military contingent. It was hardly the news all American citizens wanted to hear. The Nixon administration was quick to grasp the impending doom of prolonging the co nflict.On January 1973, the president announced the official statement which ended the American involvement in the Vietnam War. The anti-war movement was not without resistance. It was during President Johnson’s presidency that protests and demonstrations rose to the public consciousness. The government conducted suppressive methods against the dissidents. Intelligence groups monitored the movements and activities of many protesters. The Central Intelligence Agency and the Federal Bureau of Investigation tracked down numerous figures involved with the demonstrations.Investigations even came to the point that conspiracy theories were framed by the communist groups to promote turmoil in America as a means of confusing and disorganizing the government’s focus on the war. But none of the framed stories were actually true. When America got itself involved in the Vietnam situation, a huge number of the population supported the government’s decision to intervene. Two y ears later, the public’s backing percentage was down to around 30%. A surprising development soon emerged in the middle of the Vietnam conflict.Many Americans denounced the activities of the anti-war movement. However, due to the opposition to the war, most of the citizens joined the demonstrators in pressuring the government to end the escalating engagement. It was the image of the marchers and dissidents which the American public never liked. Drugs, alcohol and rock n’ roll were too much to handle especially in supporting a serious matter like the Vietnam War. â€Å"The antiwar movement reached its zenith under President Richard M. Nixon. In October 1969, more than 2 million people participated in Vietnam Moratorium protests across the country.The following month, over 500,000 demonstrated in Washington and 150,000 in San Francisco† (Barringer, 1999). The Kent State shootings and the invasion of Cambodia fueled one of the biggest protests in recent history. St udents from most universities and colleges joined hands with White House officials and blue collar workers to pressure the Nixon administration in ending the Vietnam War. Numerous arrests were made. Different groups came out in the open to lend their support. The complicated situation in the U. S. was coupled by the worsening American troop situation in Vietnam. Discipline vanished. Drugs became rampant.The morale was down. The way the Americans dealt the communist situation in the South East Asian region turned out to be disastrous. Never did it occur to them that a rag-tag band of guerrillas would take chances with superior firepower of the United States. As more and more troops came back home, demonstrations and protests gradually subsided. Troop withdrawal began in 1971. It was almost completed in 1975. The remaining anti-Vietnam War crowd continued to hound the government about other issues related to the war. The after effects of the bombing in Vietnam, the situation of the Vi etnamese civilians and the mismanagement of the U. S.funding for the conflict were some of the arguments used by the activists in continuing their marches. CONCLUSION â€Å"The American movement against the Vietnam War was the most successful antiwar movement in U. S. history† (Barringer, 1999). The conflict became a modern test of character for its people. Although it wasn’t the United States’s finest hour, victory could still be claimed. It showed the strength of the American public. In times of turmoil and disorder, no matter what circumstances or events were there, as long the interest of the nation was at stake, individuals gathered together to show unity and support for the Motherland.People owe so much to the land of their birth. It gave them life and liberty. Individuals from all corners settled their differences to unite and engage a common enemy. Americans portrayed a spirit of nationalism on two fronts. Primarily, citizens rallied around the flag righ t away when American involvement in Vietnam was announced. It was interesting to note how persons with different backgrounds could come together and work as one to achieve a specific objective. Americans held hands to fight for a cause. Citizens were instrumental in making the war possible.It sacrificed thousands of young American soldiers to battle an ideological threat. Moreover, the American people were also a vital factor in ending the war. As the war took longer than expected, the individuals behind the anti-Vietnam War movement reversed its previous decision to go on fighting. With numerous lives at stake, a united American front retrieved its troops from Vietnam and ended the conflict right there and then. Nationalism valued every American soldier. The interest of the nation was what drives the citizens to excel.No matter what was at stake, unity kept a country progressive and protected amidst the threat of external conflicts like the Vietnam War. â€Å"The outpouring of str ong feelings and the tense atmosphere generated by the crisis make it easy to lose sight of some important aspects of this war–and all wars–which need to be dealt with on a personal and on a social level† (Stew, 1991). BIBLIOGRAPHY Barringer, M.. The Anti-war Movement in the United States. Oxford UP. 1999. 4 November 2007. http://www. english. uiuc. edu/maps/vietnam/antiwar. html Lorimer, D.. Lessons of the Anti-Vietnam War Movement.New Course Publications. 1991. 4 November 2007. http://www. dsp. org. au/dsp/resist/r9viet. html Stew, C. The U. S. Soldier and the Anti-Vietnam War Movement. International Anarchism. 1991. 4 November 2007. http://flag. blackened. net/revolt/inter/seattle/vietnam. html Wiest, A.. The Vietnam War, 1956-1975. New York: Routledge. 2003. The Rise and Fall of the Anti-War Movement in the U. S.. 4 November 2007. http://www. chss. montclair. edu/english/furr/Vietnam/riseandfall. html Anti-Vietnam Movement in the U. S. 4 November 2007. http:/ /www. cyberessays. com/History/168. htm

The Role Of Opec In The Future Of Energy. Throughout History,

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The Inspirational Nature of Oliver Twist by Charles Dickens

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Racism Is A Big Problem - 1849 Words

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Issues of accounting in a Global Organisation-Samples for Students

Question: Discuss about the the Challenges and Issues of accounting in a Global Organisation. Answer: Introduction Accounting is a major concept which possesses a history comprising number of practices, models, theories, frameworks, approaches as well as also has regular technological intervention. But with the effect of modernization, globalization and increasing dynamicity, there have been an increased number of challenges and issues. All these issues are experienced by the companies at the international level and are required to have more emphasized concern for letting the accounting functions free from these challenges. The following paper will an in-depth section of literature review farmed on the basis of several notions and viewpoint different authors have in respect with the challenges of accounting and also the respective measures for overcoming those issues. Project Objectives The key purpose of the literature review is to develop an understanding of the challenges and issues of accounting in a global organisation as well as to comprehend the various measures through which the organisations can cope up with those accounting issues. Project Scope There are number of issues and challenges of account ting which the organisations are required to manage and resist for achieving effective functioning and improved productivity. Since few decades, there are regular changes which are taking place in the account ting practices. The literature scope is to have an overall perspective of the various accounting approaches in the global companies (Akisik, 2013). There are diverse set of accounting measures in the international organisations and in the phase of globalisation, there is a vast need of skilled and talented human resource for effective management of the global accounting practices. Literature Review In global organisations, accounting holds a strong position. There are a number of financial approaches by which the companies can gather appropriate information for organisational decision making. The financial accounting is a function of economic management that support in aspects like recording of financial transaction, monitoring and summarizing (Allen, et al., 2012). The key objective of the financial accounting is to present the external stakeholders with adequate and particular information which includes offering info to investors, creditors and the government entities. The reason behind offering the info is to help them in analysing and evaluating the overall financial conditions, growth and development and profitability of the company. Global accounting offers both opportunities as well as threats in terms of challenges to the global accountants of the companies (Bushman, 2014). Other than the two primary function i.e. making decisions on the basis of capital structure and d ividend, the global accounting also support in capital structuring practices and profit maximization in the companies as well as their subsidiaries. According to the view points of Burns and Needles (2014), the practice of financial accounting was initiated in the 1930s. With an in-depth study and research in past eighty years, there has been evaluated by the researchers that financial accounting not only have positive aspect but there are some negative aspects too which poses a number of challenges for the global organisations. With mutual features of accounting and globalisation, there took place performance measurement, recognition reforms, disclosures, reporting and reporting to the various external parties were counted as the major financial principles which control and govern the activities of recognition and measurement in accounting (Burns and Needles, 2014). There is a direct link between the objective of financial accounting and the associated challenges experienced by the organisations and the managers. According to the thoughts of Weygandt, Kimmel and Kieso (2015), it is identified that the challenges of accounting go hand in hand with the developments in the field of accounting (Weygandt, Kimmel and Kieso, 2015). The companies pay high emphasis on the challenges which are there in the accounting practices as there is a direct impact of these challenges on the performance and productivity of the companies (Hodges, 2012). In the vast literature on accounting, there are number of issues highlighted by Warren, Reeve and Duchac (2013) in their research in respect with accounting in the global organisation. the key challenges which impact the organisations comprises of reporting of the non-financial indicators, diverse accounting standards, multiple-jurisdictional issues, technological interventions, environmental issues and incompetent human resource. The primary challenge which has been discussed by the authors is the challenge related to economic environment. In current business scenario, in maximum number of nations, the traditional accounting is recognized as the key accounting stream (Warren, Reeve and Duchac, 2013). Due to rapid developments and technological advancements, there are growing improvements in the competence and skills of the managers so that they can manage the modified business functions and operations based on rapid technological innovations. There is immense impact posed on the tra ditional accounting of the new developments in the accounting function or of the digitalised accounting functions. It also develops a need of working on new accounting models. In present time, there is high emphasis posed on e-accounting concept in eth international organisations. E-accounting explains internet which is exterior to the intranet and business. The use of intranet is bound by the info sharing among the organisational departments whereas the internet enable sharing of information and communication among international companies, trading partners as well as the customers (Schaltegger and Burritt, 2010). There is a negative impact on the accounting function in respect with measurement, reporting and recognition. The improved technologies left no chance for the workforce for managing the accounting functions in an appropriate and effective manner as there is lack of ability to work on new and innovative accounting standards (Richardson, 2017). The existing workforces are no t able to develop a balance between the new technologies and their skills thus it results in reduced organisational productivity and growth (Gordon, et al., 2013). The second major challenge is in relation with the financial instrument as due to continuous improvements and complexity, the accounting executives face difficulty in performing accounting function (Narayanaswamy, 2017). There are number of assets in the financial statements that even do not exist in the actual business life such as the agreements of repurchase, forward contracts, options etc. the complexity of these financial instruments made their valuation challenging. It helps the global organizations to easily manipulate the values and figures of the financial instruments (Gordon, et al., 2013). The researchers have identified a number of instances of frauds and manipulation in the business history which have led the businesses to perform corporate frauds by over-valuing the statements (Sharma and Panigrahi, 2013). Rather than being the trading function, the companies take use of these instruments for performing manipulations in the financial performance of the global organizati ons to show a misrepresented data to the public. Thus, the valuation of they non-financial instruments is one of the biggest challenge faced by the account ting executives (Horngren, et al., 2012). The next challenge is of multi-jurisdictional reporting. This issue rose because of the reason that there are number of subsidiaries of global organisations which require adequate reporting and thus issues take place. It becomes challenging for the accounting executives to have individual financial statements for all the branches as per the diverse laws and regulation of that particular nation or region (Salvato and Moores, 2010). The companies are necessitate submitting a consolidated statement that comprises of the data of all the subsidiaries and this is one of the complex task or challenge as it takes immense time for accomplishment of the accounting operation. Maximum of the countries have started working on the basis of the accounting standards developed by International Accounting Standards Board i.e. IASB so that there can be extended level of uniformity across the international business units (Zeff, 2012). But the change still remains as thereat res till many countries who d o not work on these standards and it becomes challenging for the global organisations to manage the accounting function while working in those countries as they are required to follow specific and different laws and regulations, practices and standards of accounting. The next issue or challenge highlighted by authors is the non-financial measures. Non-financial measures can be understand as the measures which are exterior to the loop of the financial measures and are not possible to measured by the means of the accounting standards. There is a vital significance of these measures in any business as it is one of the dependent success factors for the organisation (Karadag, 2015). The non-financial measures comprises of satisfaction of the customers, brand image of the company, employment practices, etc. (Owolabi and Iyoha, 2012). These measures are subjective and diverse as they depend upon user ton user thus their measurement is a challenging task and thus their impact can also ne not measured (Kieso, Weygandt and Warfield, 2010). All these issues are experienced by the companies at the international level and are required to have more emphasized concern for letting the accounting functions free from these challenges. The organisations take use of a number of approaches for overcoming these challenges. According to Hopwood, Unerman and Fries (2010), one of the best ways is by the implementation and the adoption of the practice of Green Accounting (Hopwood, Unerman and Fries, 2010). Green accounting is the accounting practice which is performed for achieving an environment-caring business. There are still number of developing nation that take use of traditional accounting are require to have new and innovative techniques (Schlesinger, Libby. and Geiszler, 2013). Another key practice for overcoming the challenge of accounting is to take use of the recruitment of the people that possess updated technological knowledge and skills so that they can effectively work and manage the new accounting functions. There is a lso a need to offer adequate training to the workforces in respect with the effective use of the e-accounting practices (Taipaleenmki and Ikheimo, 2013). Another approach which can help the global organizations in managing the challenges of account ting is to take use of the accounting harmonization (Brusca, et al., 2014). The practice of accounting harmonization helps in reducing the difficulty and complexity of the various financial instruments which have arisen because of the multi-jurisdictional reporting (Hancock, et al., 2010). The practice help in limiting the enormous number of differences exist among the individual accounting standards so that the overall performance of the companies can be improved. The global or international harmonization in accounting is one of the major factors which are extensively being adopted by the regulatory bodies for achieving increased level of similarity in eth accounting standards for eliminating eth challenges of diversity and the associated complexity (Power, 2010). For managing the challenge posed by the non-financial measures in accounting, the international organisations can take use of s everal practices for example by performing an evaluation of the scores and rating of customer satisfaction which can support in effective analysis of that whether the customers are contended or not from the organizations services and if not then there will be a negative implication on the overall organisational profits (Bebbington, Unerman and O'Dwyer, 2014). The next way of overcoming eth challenge of non-financial measures is through calculation and analysis of the task completion scores, employee productivity scores, internal audit and external audit (Northcott and Ma'amoraTaulapapa, 2012). From the vast literature gathered and the analysis performed, it ahs also been analyzed that there exist a research gap as that the techniques used for managing the accounting challenges are more of subjective i.e. theoretical in nature instead of being practical and objective and with more technological advancements these issues will arise simultaneously. As well as not all the companies are much financially strong so that they can easily implement the new techniques for overcoming the challenges (Rajkumar, 2013). The work of the researchers and the literature collected play a significant role in the field of academic as it helps in understanding the importance of green accounting as it is one of the best ways to reduce the pollutants which play a major role in environmental degradation. Next major contribution of literature is that it supports the new business ventures and entrepreneurs in getting aware of the issues of accounting in global organisations. The knowledge help the ent repreneurs in preparing themselves and take use of adequate strategies for managing these future accounting challenges (Hopwood, Unerman and Fries, 2010). The various other contributions comprises of effective understanding of the benefits of e-accounting, approach of accounting harmonization and the manner in which there can be gained competitive advantages by the companies through the e-accounting practices. Conclusion The insights gained from the literature and the research, the paper concludes that there are number fo challenges that are present in the global accounting. The issues related to reporting of the non-financial indicators, diverse accounting standards, multiple-jurisdictional issues, technological interventions, environmental issues and incompetent human resource are the primary challenges in accounting function in global companies. It can also be stated that through collaboration approach and effective analysis there can be gained knowledge that how these challenges must be sustained. The report also concluded that there is a major role of measures such as reporting of the non-financial, measures for coping up with the challenges of accounting of -financial measures. There can also be practiced the accounting standards developed by the IASB as well as the companies can also practice accounting harmonization, green accounting and various other practices for sound accounting in global companies. References Akisik, O., 2013. Accounting regulation, financial development, and economic growth.Emerging Markets Finance and Trade,49(1), pp.33-67. Allen, F., Qian, J., Zhang, C. and Zhao, M., 2012.China's financial system: opportunities and challenges(No. w17828). National Bureau of Economic Research. Bebbington, J., Unerman, J. and O'Dwyer, B. eds., 2014.Sustainability accounting and accountability. Routledge. Brusca, I., Caperchione, E., Cohen, S. and Rossi, F.M. eds., 2016.Public sector accounting and auditing in Europe: The challenge of harmonization. Springer. Burns, J.O. and Needles, B.E. eds., 2014.Accounting Education for the 21st Century: The global challenges. Elsevier. Bushman, R.M., 2014. Thoughts on financial accounting and the banking industry.Journal of Accounting and Economics,58(2), pp.384-395. Gordon, E.A., Greiner, A., Kohlbeck, M.J., Lin, S. and Skaife, H., 2013. Challenges and opportunities in cross-country accounting research.Accounting Horizons,27(1), pp.141-154. Hancock, P., Howieson, B., Kavanagh, M., Kent, J., Tempone, I. and Segal, N., 2010. Accounting for the future. Hodges, R., 2012. Joined?up government and the challenges to accounting and accountability researchers.Financial Accountability Management,28(1), pp.26-51. Hopwood, A.G., Unerman, J. and Fries, J., 2010.Accounting for sustainability: Practical insights. Earthscan. Horngren, C., Harrison, W., Oliver, S., Best, P., Fraser, D. and Tan, R., 2012.Financial accounting. Pearson Higher Education AU. Karadag, H., 2015. Financial management challenges in small and medium-sized enterprises: A strategic management approach.Emerging Markets Journal,5(1), p.26. Kieso, D.E., Weygandt, J.J. and Warfield, T.D., 2010.Intermediate accounting: IFRS edition(Vol. 2). John Wiley Sons. Narayanaswamy, R., 2017.Financial accounting: a managerial perspective. PHI Learning Pvt. Ltd. Northcott, D. and Ma'amoraTaulapapa, T., 2012. Using the balanced scorecard to manage performance in public sector organizations: Issues and challenges.International Journal of Public Sector Management,25(3), pp.166-191. Owolabi, A. and Iyoha, F.O., 2012. Adopting international financial reporting standards (IFRS) in Africa: Benefits, prospects and challenges.African Journal of Accounting, Auditing and Finance,1(1), pp.77-86. Power, M., 2010. Fair value accounting, financial economics and the transformation of reliability.Accounting and Business Research,40(3), pp.197-210. Rajkumar, T., 2013. A Study On Prospects And Problems Of Micro Small And Medium Enterprises In Erode District. Richardson, A.J., 2017. The Relationship between Management and Financial Accounting as Professions and Technologies of Practice. Salvato, C. and Moores, K., 2010. Research on accounting in family firms: Past accomplishments and future challenges. Schaltegger, S. and Burritt, R.L., 2010. Sustainability accounting for companies: Catchphrase or decision support for business leaders?.Journal of World Business,45(4), pp.375-384. Schlesinger, W., Libby, P. and Geiszler, M., 2013. INTRODUCING SUSTAINABILITY REPORTING INTO THE FINANCIAL ACCOUNTING CURRICULUM.ASBBS Proceedings,20(1), p.405. Sharma, A. and Panigrahi, P.K., 2013. A review of financial accounting fraud detection based on data mining techniques.arXiv preprint arXiv:1309.3944. Taipaleenmki, J. and Ikheimo, S., 2013. On the convergence of management accounting and financial accountingthe role of information technology in accounting change.International Journal of Accounting Information Systems,14(4), pp.321-348. Warren, C.S., Reeve, J.M. and Duchac, J., 2013.Financial managerial accounting. Cengage Learning. Weygandt, J.J., Kimmel, P.D. and Kieso, D.E., 2015.Financial Managerial Accounting. John Wiley Sons. Zeff, S.A., 2012. The Evolution of the IASC into the IASB, and the Challenges it Faces.The accounting review,87(3), pp.807-837.